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  Introduction
  
  
  Types of Steroids
  
  
  Effects and Side Effects
  
  
  History and Usage
  
  
  
  # Contents
  
  ## Steroid
  Steroids are a class of organic compounds characterized by a specific type
  of chemical structure. They are primarily found in animals, plants,
  fungi, and some bacteria, where they play diverse roles
  in biological processes. Steroids have three
  interconnected rings, with functional groups such
  as hydroxyl or ketone groups attached to the molecule.
  
  Their structure is crucial for their activity, enabling them to act as hormones, vitamins, or other bioactive compounds.
  
  
  ## Page version status
  This page is based on content from Wikipedia and other reliable sources.
  It has been reviewed and updated by experts in the field.
  For more detailed information, please refer to the original source materials.
  
  
  
  ## Nomenclature
  The nomenclature of steroids refers to the systematic
  naming of these compounds. Steroids are named based on their structural features or biological functions.
  For example, "cholesterol" refers to a specific steroid molecule produced in the liver and
  used in animal cell membranes. Other examples include "sex hormones," such as estrogen and testosterone,
  which are steroidal molecules involved in reproduction and
  endocrine regulation.
  
  ## Rings and functional groups
  Steroids have a unique structure with three interconnected
  rings. The core of the steroid framework consists of two cyclohexane rings fused
  together, forming a bicyclic system. Functional groups, such as hydroxyl (-OH) or ketone (C=O) groups, are attached to this framework and play a critical role in determining the biological activity of the molecule.
  These functional groups can influence steroid behavior, such as their affinity for
  specific receptors or their solubility in different environments.
  
  
  ## Naming convention
  The naming convention for steroids follows specific rules that help differentiate between the various types of steroidal molecules.
  The name often includes a prefix derived from the class of compounds (e.g., "sterol" for cholesterol, "keto" for ketone-containing sterols).
  Additional suffixes may indicate modifications or functional groups present
  on the molecule. This system ensures clarity and precision in communication within scientific communities.
  
  
  ## Species distribution
  Steroids are distributed across a wide range of
  species. Their presence is not limited to one type of organism, as they can be found in both
  eukaryotes and prokaryotes. For example:
  - **Eukaryotic organisms**: Steroids are abundant in animals, plants, fungi, and single-celled eukaryotes like protozoa.
  
  - **Prokaryotic organisms**: Sterols, a type of steroid, are found in bacterial cell membranes and play a role in maintaining
  membrane integrity.
  
  ## Eukaryotic
  In eukaryotic organisms, steroids serve various biological functions.
  
  For instance:
  - Animals produce a wide variety of steroids,
  including sex hormones (e.g., estrogen, testosterone) that regulate reproduction and metabolism.
  
  
  - Plants synthesize sterols as part of their cell membranes, contributing to the strength and structure of these cellular structures.
  
  - Fungi also produce sterols, such as ergosterol, which is essential
  for the integrity of fungal cell membranes.
  
  ## Prokaryotic
  In prokaryotic organisms, sterols are a key component of bacterial cell membranes.
  These sterols help maintain membrane fluidity and flexibility, ensuring that the cell can function under various
  environmental conditions. While sterols are common in bacteria and
  archaea, they are not typically found in other types of prokaryotes, such as viruses.
  
  
  ## Fungal
  Fungi produce a variety of sterols, including ergosterol, which is
  a fundamental component of fungal cell membranes. Ergosterol's structure differs slightly from cholesterol,
  the primary sterol in animals, but it serves similar functions
  in maintaining membrane integrity and facilitating the transport of ions
  and nutrients across the membrane.
  
  ## Plant
  In plants, sterols are essential for the structural integrity of cellular membranes.
  
  Unlike animals, plants do not synthesize cholesterol but instead produce a related molecule called phytosterol.
  
  Phytosterols share some structural similarities with animal sterols but
  have unique features that make them suited to plant biology.
  These compounds contribute to membrane stability and help
  regulate growth and development in plants.
  
  
  ## Animal
  Animals are perhaps the most complex users of steroids, producing a vast array of these molecules for various purposes.
  For example:
  - **Sex hormones**: Steroids such as testosterone (male) and estrogen (female)
  play critical roles in reproduction and sexual differentiation.
  - **Adrenal steroids**: The adrenal glands produce corticosteroids, which
  are involved in stress response and immune function.
  - **Vitamin D**: A steroid molecule derived from cholesterol
  that is essential for bone health and calcium absorption.
  - **Other sterols**: Cholesterol itself is a vital component
  of animal cell membranes and precursor to various hormones and other bioactive compounds.
  
  
  ## Types
  Steroids can be categorized based on their function or structure:
  - **By function**: Sex steroids (e.g., estrogen, testosterone), adrenal steroids (e.g., cortisol),
  vitamin D derivatives, and sterols like cholesterol.
  - **By structure**: Intact ring systems, cleaved rings, contracted rings, or expanded rings.
  
  
  ## Rings and functional groups
  The number and arrangement of rings in the steroid framework influence its biological
  activity. For example:
  - **Intact ring system**: Steroids with all three rings intact often retain their basic structural features, allowing them to interact with specific receptors and perform
  normal cellular functions.
  - **Cleaved rings**: Modified steroids where one or more rings
  have been broken or altered can result in compounds with different properties.
  These derivatives may be more effective at targeting specific cellular pathways or receptors.
  
  - **Contracted rings**: Steroids with one ring contracted into a smaller, often five-membered structure are common in certain hormones and signaling molecules.
  
  - **Expanded rings**: Some steroid derivatives have
  additional carbons added to the ring system, altering their shape and function.
  
  ## Biological significance
  Steroids are biologically significant compounds with diverse roles in organisms.
  They serve as signaling molecules, hormone precursors, and structural components
  of cell membranes. For example:
  - **Signaling**: Steroids can act as hormones, transmitting
  signals within and between cells to regulate gene expression and cellular activity.
  
  - **Vitamin D**: A steroid derivative that is essential
  for bone health and calcium absorption.
  - **Cholesterol**: A major component of animal cell membranes, which also
  serves as a precursor for sex hormones and other steroidal molecules.
  
  
  ## Biosynthesis and metabolism
  The biosynthesis of steroids involves complex biochemical pathways that convert simple precursors into highly
  structured molecules. The two primary pathways for steroid synthesis are the Mevalonate
  pathway (also known as the cholesterol biosynthesis
  pathway) and the alternative pathways, such as the reverse transport
  of sterols in cells.
  
  ### Mevalonate pathway
  The Mevalonate pathway is a series of enzymatic reactions that convert acetyl-CoA into
  mevalonic acid, which serves as a precursor for
  the synthesis of cholesterol and other steroids. This pathway is
  active in most animals and plays a critical role in maintaining cellular health and homeostasis.
  
  
  ### Steroidogenesis
  Steroidogenesis refers to the process by which sterols are synthesized and modified into biologically
  active molecules. For example, cholesterol can be converted into vitamin D in sunlight, or transformed into
  sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone.
  This process is tightly regulated by the body to ensure that steroid levels remain within a healthy range.
  
  
  ### Alternative pathways
  In addition to the Mevalonate pathway, alternative pathways for steroid biosynthesis exist, particularly in certain tissues and
  organisms. These pathways may involve different precursors or unique enzymatic modifications, allowing for the production of specialized sterols tailored
  to specific biological needs.
  
  ### Catabolism and excretion
  Once steroids have fulfilled their biological function, they are broken down by enzymes known as steroid
  sulfatases and sulfotransferases. This process, known as catabolism, converts the steroids into inactive
  metabolites that can be safely excreted from the body. The excretion of sterols is a critical step in maintaining homeostasis
  and preventing the buildup of potentially harmful levels of these molecules.
  
  
  ## Isolation, structure determination, and methods of analysis
  
  The isolation and structural determination of steroids are essential
  for understanding their biological roles and developing new
  therapies. Techniques such as chromatography, mass spectrometry,
  and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy are commonly used
  to isolate and analyze steroidal compounds. These methods allow researchers to identify unknown steroids or study the structure of
  known molecules in detail.
  
  ## Chemical synthesis
  The chemical synthesis of steroids involves the use of organic chemistry
  techniques to construct these molecules from simpler precursors.
  
  While natural methods dominate in biological contexts, synthetic approaches have been developed for the purposes of research and drug development.
  Synthesis can be challenging due to the complexity of the steroid framework, but advanced methodologies have made it possible to create
  sterols with specific structural modifications.
  
  ### Precursors
  The synthesis of steroids begins with precursors such
  as mevalonic acid or isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), which are derived from acetyl-CoA.
  These compounds undergo a series of enzymatic reactions to produce the steroid nucleus,
  the core structure of all sterols.
  
  ### Semisynthesis
  Semisynthesis involves the chemical manipulation of
  naturally occurring steroids or their derivatives to create new molecules with
  desired properties. This approach is particularly useful for
  modifying existing sterols to enhance their biological activity or
  improve their pharmacokinetics.
  
  ### Total synthesis
  Total synthesis refers to the de novo construction of steroids from non-steroidal precursors, without relying on natural sources.
  This method is often used in drug discovery to create molecules with therapeutic potential.
  The challenge lies in replicating the complex structure and biological activity of naturally occurring sterols.
  
  
  ## Research awards
  Over the years, significant research has been conducted into the chemistry,
  biology, and applications of steroids. Notable scientists in this field have received awards
  for their contributions to understanding
  steroid metabolism, biosynthesis, and function. These achievements have led to advancements in fields
  such as medicine, nutrition, and pharmacology.
  
  
  
  ## See also
  - **Lipid metabolism**
  - **Endocrinology**
  - **Biochemistry**
  
  ## References
  This article is based on publicly available information and does not constitute medical advice.
  Always consult a healthcare professional for medical concerns or before
  starting any new treatment regimen.

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